Overview
Cancer is a significant risk factor for various types of bone loss. This complication may arise from the cancer itself or as a side effect of treatment. When bone density decreases, the risk of fractures and structural damage increases, which can sometimes limit mobility or delay recovery. Certain cancers, such as breast, prostate, and multiple myeloma, are more likely to impact bone health.
What Is Bone Loss During Cancer?
Bone loss during cancer refers to the weakening of bones caused by changes in normal bone remodeling processes.
In a healthy body, bone tissue is continuously broken down and rebuilt. Cancer and its treatments can disrupt this balance, either by accelerating bone breakdown or inhibiting bone formation. This may occur throughout the skeleton or at specific sites where cancer has spread.
Over time, this loss can compromise bone strength and lead to complications, including fractures or pain.
Symptoms of Bone Loss
Symptoms may vary depending on the extent and location of bone loss. Common signs include:
- Persistent or localized bone pain
- Fragility fractures, often with minimal trauma
- Loss of height or a hunched posture
- Limited movement or stiffness, particularly in the spine or hips
Some individuals may remain asymptomatic until a significant event, such as a fracture, draws attention to the condition.
Causes of Bone Loss During Cancer
Bone loss may result from several factors related to cancer and its treatment. Some cancers spread directly to the bones, damaging the structure and increasing resorption. Cancer treatments can also interfere with the hormones and nutrients needed to maintain bone density. Reduced physical activity, poor nutrition, and low levels of vitamin D or calcium may also contribute to bone weakening over time.
Risk Factors
The likelihood of developing bone loss increases with certain conditions. These include having a cancer known to affect bone, receiving hormone-blocking therapy, or undergoing long-term steroid use. Additional risk factors may include older age, nutritional deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle, low body weight, and personal or family history of osteoporosis.
Diagnosing Bone Loss
Evaluation often begins with imaging studies to assess bone density or detect fractures. A DEXA scan is commonly used to measure bone mineral density, while X-rays or bone scans may identify structural damage or cancer involvement. Blood tests may help assess calcium levels or markers of bone turnover.
Preventing Bone Loss
Prevention strategies include staying active within the limits of treatment, maintaining a balanced diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, and monitoring bone health during and after treatment. Discussing the potential effects of cancer therapy on bone with a healthcare provider can help guide preventive care.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Medical attention is recommended for new or worsening bone pain, unexpected fractures, difficulty moving, or signs of spinal compression such as numbness or weakness. Individuals receiving treatment known to affect bone density should be monitored regularly. Early intervention can help prevent serious complications and support long-term bone health.
Medications Used to Treat Bone Loss During Cancer
Several medications may be used to slow or prevent bone loss in individuals undergoing cancer treatment. These therapies are often chosen based on the type of cancer, extent of bone involvement, and overall health status.
